Introduction
The organ of a government that primarily looks after the function of implementation and administration is known the Executive.
The Executive is the branch of Government accountable for the implementation of laws and policies legislated by the legislature.
In the Parliamentary form of executive, the Prime Minister is the head of the government and the head of the State may be Monarch (Constitutional Monarchy, e.g. UK) or President (Parliamentary Republic, e.g. India).
In a Semi-Presidential System, the President is the head of the State and the Prime Minister is the head of the government, e.g. France.
In a Presidential System, the President is the head of the State as well as the head of government, e.g. the US.
Indian System
Article 74 (1) of the Indian Constitution states that "there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice."
The President has a wide range of power including executive, legislative, judicial, and emergency powers. However, in a parliamentary system (e.g. India), these powers are in reality used by the President only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers have support of the majority in the Lok Sabha and they are the real executive.
The President is the formal head of the government.
The Prime Minister is obliged to furnish all the information that the President may call for.
The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister.
In the parliamentary form of executive, it is essential that the Prime Minister has the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha. And the moment the Prime Minister loses this support of the majority; he or she loses the office.
In case no party is in majority, a few parties can form government 'in coalition.'
A Prime Minister has to be a Member of Parliament (MP); however, if someone becomes the Prime Minister without being an MP; in such as case, he or she has to get elected to the Parliament within sixmonths of period.
The Council of Ministers constitutes not more than 15 percent of a total number of members of the House of the People (91st Amendment).
Persons selected by the Union Public Service Commission for Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS) constitute the backbone of the higher level bureaucracy in the States.
Though IAS and IPS work under the state government, they are appointed by the central government; hence, only the central government can take disciplinary action against them. However, the officers appointed through the State Public Service Commission look after the state administration.
The President
The President of India is the head of the State. He exercises only nominal powers. His functions are mainly ceremonial in nature like the Queen of Britain.
All the political institutions in India, function in the name of the President of India and the President supervises their functions to bring harmony in their works to achieve the objectives of the State.
In India, the President is elected, not appointed, (although not elected directly by the people). The President is elected by the Members of Parliament (MPs) and the Members of the Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) of each state.
Participation of Members of the state's Legislative Assemblies in the election of the president of India shows that the President of India represents the entire nation. At the same time, the indirect election of the President ensures that he cannot claim popular mandate like that of the Prime Minister and thus remains only a nominal head of the State.
All major policy decisions and orders of the government are issued in the President's name.
The President appoints all the major heads of the institutions of the government, i.e.,
The appointment of the Chief Justice of India,
The Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts of the states,
The Governors of the states,
The Election Commissioners,
Ambassadors to other countries, etc.
The government of India makes all international treaties and agreements in the name of the President.
The President is the supreme commander of the defense forces of India.
However, all these powers are exercised by the President only on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
The President can ask the Council of Ministers for reconsideration on any advice (asked to him by the Council of Ministers), but if the Council of Ministers recommend the same advice again, he is bound to act according to it.
A Bill passed by the Parliament becomes a law only after the President gives assent to it. The President can return a Bill back to the Parliament for reconsideration, but he has to sign it, if the Parliament passes the Bill again (with or without amendment).
Discretionary Power
In three circumstances, the President can exercise his or her discretionary power −
The President can send back the advice given by the Council of Ministers for reconsideration.
The President has veto power (also known as 'pocket veto') by which he or she can withhold or refuse to give his or her assent to any Bill (other than Money Bill) passed by the Parliament. It happened once, i.e. in 1986, President Gyani Zail Singh withheld the "Indian Post Office (amendment) Bill."
The President appoints the Prime Minister.
Vice President
The Vice President is elected for fiveyears and the election method is similar to that of the President; however, the only difference is that the members of State legislatures do not participate in the Electoral process.
The Vice President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
The Vice President takes over the office of the President when there is a vacancy by reasons of death, resignation, removal by impeachment, or otherwise.
The Vice President may be removed from his or her office by a Resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by a majority and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.
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